Chongqing gold mechnical and electrical equipment Co., Ltd

IMO 2010 FTP CODE SHIP FIRE TEST Fire is one of the most deadly threats to ships sailing in international waters. Due to the enclosed spaces and limited escape routes, a fire can spread rapidly, with devastating consequences. Consequently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention and the International Fire Test Procedures (FTP) Code impose stringent requirements on the fire resistance of marine materials. The 2010 FTP Rules were officially implemented on July 1, 2012. They regulate the testing and approval of marine fireproof materials and fire-resistant structures in Chapter II-2 of the SOLAS Convention. In addition to the technical updates of various parts, the rules have integrated the original MSC.61(67), MSC.101(73) and the scattered standards they referenced, so that shipyards, designers, approvers, manufacturers and third-party type test organizations have a clearer and more intuitive understanding. According to the amendment adopted in 2004 (MSC.173 (79)), Part III further refines the test standards for different fire resistance levels and adds special provisions for high-speed craft (Parts 10 and 11), clarifying the test methods for flame retardant materials and fire-resistant partitions. The 2010 revision of the FTP Code strengthens the international unified standards, requiring all ship materials to be certified by IMO-approved testing agencies to ensure global consistency. Fire Testing Scope of IMO 2010 FTP CODE The IMO 2010 FTP Code (Fire Test Procedure Code) is the core standard for the certification of marine fire-resistant materials. Part 1 tests the non-combustibility of materials at 750°C using a tubular furnace, requiring a mass loss of ≤50%, a temperature rise of ≤30°C, and no sustained combustion. Part 2 uses a cone calorimeter (25/50 kW/m² radiation) to assess smoke density and toxic gases (CO, HCl, HCN, etc.) to ensure evacuation safety. Part 3 uses large vertical/horizontal fire furnaces to test the fire integrity and insulation performance of A/B/F class divisions according to the ISO 834 standard curve (for example, A-60 requires an unexposed surface temperature rise of ≤140°C in 60 minutes). Part 5 measures the flame spread of surface materials using radiant panels (50.5 kW/m²) to control heat release and burning dripping. Part 10, designed specifically for high-speed craft, combines full-scale room testing with cone calorimetry to assess the overall fire control capability of fire-resistance materials. 最小化图片 编辑图片 删除图片 FTP Code Part 1,Non-flammability Test Purpose This certification verifies that a material does not burn or produce flammable gases at high temperatures (750°C). It is the primary certification for all fire-resistant materials on board ships (such as A/B/C class divisions), ensuring that they do not support combustion in a fire. Applicable Materials Structural Materials: Steel, Aluminum, Glass Insulation Materials: Mineral Wool, Ceramic Fiber Composites: Panels, Pipeline Insulation Interior Materials: Floors, Wall Linings Test Procedure Specimen Preparation: 5–10 specimens (homogeneous or heterogeneous), dried (105 ± 2°C or 500 ± 20°C to remove organic matter). Test: Place the specimen in an oven and heat for 30 minutes. Record the following: Continued burning time (a flame > 10 seconds is considered flammable). Temperature rise at the center of the specimen (via thermocouple). Mass loss (weighed before and after). Environment: Test chamber temperature 10–30°C, relative humidity 20–70%. Acceptance Criteria Continued burning: ≤ 10 seconds. Temperature Rise: ≤ 30°C at the center of the specimen, ≤ 50°C inside the furnace. Mass Loss: ≤ 50% (homogeneous) or ≤ 50% (average for heterogeneous layers). Failure: Any specimen burns for > 10 seconds or the temperature rise/mass loss exceeds the specified value. Application All A/B/C class divisions: bulkheads, decks, doors, and windows must first pass Part 1. Cable sheathing and insulation materials: Ensure they are non-combustible and comply with SOLAS II-2/9. Certification: A Certificate of Type Approval (COA) issued by an accredited laboratory (e.g., Intertek) is required, with a validity period of ≤ 5 years. Standards IMO FTP Code Annex 1, Part 1 ISO 1182:2010 (Non-combustibility test method) USCG 46 CFR 164.109 Test equipment 最小化图片 编辑图片 删除图片 The ISO 1182 non-combustibility test furnace is a specialized apparatus designed to evaluate the non-combustible properties of building materials and products, adhering to ISO 1182:2020 and equivalent international standards such as EN ISO 1182, BS EN ISO 1182, ASTM E136, and IMO FTP Code Part 1. Operating at a precise 750°C, it tests cylindrical samples (45 mm diameter, 50 mm height) to measure temperature rise (≤ 50°C for furnace, surface, and center), sustained flaming (none for A1, ≤ 20 seconds for A2), and mass loss (≤ 50% for A1), ensuring compliance with fire safety classifications like Euroclass A1 and A2. Widely used in construction, rail, marine, and aviation industries, this furnace features advanced dual thermocouples, automated temperature control, and real-time data acquisition, making it essential for certifying materials in high-fire-risk applications. FTP Code Part 2,Smoke and Toxicity Test Purpose To evaluate the smoke density and toxic gases generated by burning materials to ensure visibility (facilitating evacuation) and low toxicity (reducing the risk of poisoning) during fires, particularly critical for passenger vessels (>12 passengers). Applicable Materials Interior Materials: Flooring, carpeting, walls, ceilings Cable Sheathing: Low-Smoke Zero-Halogen (LSOH) Cables Furniture: Seating, bedding Insulation Materials: Pipes, engine room insulation Test Procedure Specimen Preparation: 9 specimens (3 conditions × 3 replicates), conditioned for 24 hours. Test Conditions: 25 kW/m² with pilot flame 25 kW/m² without pilot flame 50 kW/m² without pilot flame Test: Exposure for 10–20 minutes, recording: Light transmittance (calculate maximum smoke density Dm every 15 seconds) Gas concentration at maximum smoke density (FTIR sampling). Environment: Test chamber with good ventilation, air velocity < 0.2 m/s. Acceptance Criteria Smoke Density: Accommodation Areas: Dm ≤ 200 Other Areas (e.g., Engine Room): Dm ≤ 400 Toxic Gases (Peak Concentration, ppm): CO ≤ 1450 HCl ≤ 150 HCN ≤ 140 HBr/HF ≤ 600 SO₂ ≤ 120 (Passenger Ship) / 200 (Cargo Ship) NOx ≤ 350 Failure: Any condition exceeds the standard. Application Passenger Ships: Mandatory Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSOH) and ensure visibility of evacuation routes > 60%. Cables/Interiors: Reduce toxic gas corrosion to equipment and personnel hazards. SOLAS Compliance: II-2/5.3 (Material Smoke and Toxic Control). Standards IMO FTP Code Annex 1, Part 2 ISO 5659-2:2017 (Smoke Density) ISO 19702:2015 (Toxic Gas Analysis) IEC 61034-2 (Cable Smoke Density Reference) Test Equipment

EN 16989 Explanation | Railway Vehicle Seat Fire Test EN 16989:2018 & EN 45545-2:2020 In EN 45545-2:2013+A1:2015 Annex A & B, introduces the complete seat fire test, testing three groups of damaged seats but not considering the case of undamaged seats. It was found that the seats that met EN 45545-2 HL3 only individually met BS 6853 Class Ia, leading to the adoption of different test regimes and producing diametrically opposed test results. Also, in most cases, the test results for the damaged seats were worse than those for the undamaged seats, but there were also times when the undamaged seats had worse combustion performance than the damaged seats. For this reasons, the CEN/TC 256 railway committee redrafted the test method for the fire behavior test of completed seats to provide detailed provisions for the fire test of complete seats, with various amendments and additions to the fire source, vandalization, test mode, sample requirements, sample arrangement, test procedure and equipment calibration verification procedures and requirements, etc., and was approved in February 2018, officially published as EN 16989:2018 in June 2018. Purpose of EN 16989 EN 16989 provides a standardized method to: Determine fire behavior: Assess how a complete railway seat (including upholstery, headrest, armrest, and seat shell) reacts when exposed to a fire, focusing on heat release, smoke production, and flame spread. Evaluate vandalism resistance: Test the seat’s ability to withstand intentional damage, which could affect its fire performance. Ensure compliance: Meet the fire safety requirements outlined in EN 45545-2 for railway vehicles, particularly for passenger seats, to minimize fire risks and enhance evacuation safety. The standard is critical for ensuring that materials used in rail vehicles do not contribute significantly to fire hazards, especially in high-risk scenarios like tunnels or crowded trains. Seat Requirements in EN 45545-2 In EN 45545-2: 2020, the previous content of the complete seat fire test in Annex A & B are removed, and the test method officially refers to EN 16989: 2018. Furthermore, EN 45545-2:2020 has certain requirements for complete passenger seats and its materials: For Non-upholstered seats, there are two principles to meet requirements. All surface material shall meet the requirement of R6, i.e. seat, front and back of backrest, armrests, etc. Alternatively, the seat & the back of the backrest materials shall meet the requirements of R6. The front of the backrest, armrest, and removable headrest shall meet the requirements of R21. The complete seat shall meet the requirements of R18. EN45545-2 R6 requirements EN 45545-2 R18 requirements EN 45545-2 R21 requirements For upholstered seats: The complete seats shall meet the requirements of R18, test method refers to EN 16989: 2018. Additionally, the seat shall be conducted with cutting vandalization test before the burning test. After cutting vandalization, the length of the cut is measured to assess its level of vandalization. EN 16989 Fire Test for Vehicle Seat Fire Tests with seats can be vandalized Four fire tests are required if the seat is to be tested fully or partially vandalized. Two fire tests shall be undertaken with the seat in a vandalized condition. Two fire tests shall be undertaken with the seat in an unvandalized condition. Fire Tests with seats cannot be vandalized Two fire tests shall be undertaken according to Clause 7 with the seat in an unvandalized condition EN 16989 Fire Test Procedure Test Setup Test Environment: The test is conducted under a calorimetry system with a stainless steel exhaust hood and ducts, ensuring a well-ventilated condition with an exhaust flow of 1.2 m³/s. Ignition Source: A 15 kW propane-fueled burner is used as the ignition source, simulating a realistic fire scenario. Test Specimen: A complete seat assembly, including upholstery, headrest, armrest, and seat shell, is tested. The seat is conditioned before testing to ensure consistent results. Vandalism Simulation: The seat undergoes a cutting vandalism test to simulate intentional damage. This involves making cuts and measuring their length to assess the seat’s vulnerability to vandalism, as damaged materials may behave differently in a fire. Test seat conditioning. Test seat cutting vandalization. Test seat positioning under the smoke hood. Burner positioning on the test seat. EN 16989 instrumentation and equipment stabilization, exhaust flow shall be 1.2 m3/s. Start of the data acquisition system. Burner ignition and flame application, the open flame output of 15kw, application time from 180s~360s from the start of the test start. Test continuous till 1560s. Measurements: Key parameters measured include Heat Release Rate (HRR): The rate at which heat is released during combustion, measured in kW/m². Maximum Average Rate of Heat Emission (MARHE): A critical metric for assessing fire intensity, also in kW/m². Total Smoke Production (TSP): The amount of smoke generated, which impacts visibility and safety during evacuation. Flame Height: The extent of flame spread, indicating how quickly a fire could propagate. If you need further details, such as specific test criteria, purchase equipment or a comparison with other standards, please let me know!

The Invention of Cone Calorimeter There are many test methods to evaluate the reaction to fire performance of materials, such as the Small Flame Source Test (ISO 11925-2), Oxygen Index (LOI) Test (ISO 4589-2, ASTM D2863), Horizontal and Vertical Flammability Test (UL 94), NBS Smoke Density Test (ISO 5659-2, ASTM E662). They are mostly small-scale test methods that test a particular property of a material, only assess the performance of a material under certain test conditions, and cannot be used as a basis for assessing the behavior of a material in a real fire. Since its invention in 1982, the Cone Calorimeter has been recognized as a test instrument for the comprehensive assessment of the reaction to fire performance of materials. It has the advantage of being comprehensive, simple, and accurate compared to traditional methods. It can measure not only the heat release rate but also the smoke density, mass loss, flammability behavior, and other parameters in a test. In addition, the results obtained from the cone calorimeter test correlate well with large-scale combustion tests and are therefore widely used to evaluate the flammability performance of materials and assess fire development. Standard Compliance The Cone Calorimeter is one of the most important fire test instruments for studying the combustion properties of materials and has been used by many countries, regions, and international standards organizations in the fields of construction materials, polymers, composite materials, wood products, and cables. ISO 5660-1 ASTM E1354 BS 476 Part 15 ULC-S135-04   The Principle of Cone Calorimeter Heat Release The principle of heat release is based on the net heat of combustion is proportional to the amount of oxygen required for combustion, approximately 13.1MJ of heat is released per kilogram of oxygen consumed. Specimens in the test are burned under ambient air conditions while being subjected to an external irradiance within the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2 and measuring the oxygen concentrations and exhaust gas flow rates. Smoke Release The principle of smoke measurement is based on the intensity of light that is transmitted through a volume of combustion products is an exponentially decreasing function of distance. Smoke obscuration is measured as the fraction of laser light intensity that is transmitted through the smoke in the exhaust duct. This fraction is used to calculate the extinction coefficient according to Bouguer’s law. Specimens in the test are burned under ambient air conditions while being subjected to an external irradiance within the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2 and measuring smoke obscuration, and exhaust gas flow rate. Mass Loss The specimens in the test are burned above the weighing device while being subjected to an external irradiance within the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2 and measuring the mass loss rate. Reports Test data can be calculated for the heat release rate per exposed area or per kilogram material lost during the test, total heat release, smoke production rate per exposed area or per kilogram material lost during the test, total smoke production, mass loss rate, and total mass loss. Time to sustained flaming and extinguished, TTI, in seconds Heat release rate, HRR, in MJ/kg, kW/m2 Average heat release rate in first 180s and 300s, in kW/m2 Maximum average rate of heat emission, MARHE, in kW/m2.s Total heat release, THR, in MJ Mass loss, in g/m2.s Smoke Produce Rate, SPR, m2/m2 Smoke production, TSP, in m2 Cone Calorimeter Apparatus Cone-shaped radiant electrical heater, producing irradiance output of 100 kW per square meter. Irradiance control device and heat flux meter. Well heat insulation load cell. Exhaust gas system with airflow measurement sensor. Combustion gas sampling system with the filtering device. Gas analyzer, including O2, CO, and CO2 concentration analyzer. Smoke obscuration measuring system. Self-calibration system. Data acquisition system. Operation software. Application Material Combustion Properties Evaluation Evaluate the combustion hazards of material according to the test data of the cone calorimeter test (e.g. HRR, Peak HRR, TTI, SPR, etc.), and identify the suitable materials for use in different applications. Flame Retardant Mechanism Study By means of repeated tests and comparison of test data, the composition of materials can be optimized to obtain materials with better flame retardant properties. Fire Model Study By analyzing the heat release rate, smoke release rate from burning materials, trend analysis, or connecting to a medium-scale test model (ISO 9705), establish different kinds of fire models. Summary The Cone Calorimeter offers a method for assessing the heat release rate and dynamic smoke production rate of specimens exposed to specified controlled irradiance levels with an external igniter. It is a critical instrument in fire testing and research that are more repeatable, more reproducible, and easier to conduct.